Addressing Failure of Passive Transfer in Dairy Calves: A Critical Issue for Herd Health

Failure of passive transfer (FPT) in dairy calves is a significant issue impacting their health and future productivity. FPT occurs when calves do not absorb enough immunoglobulins from colostrum within the crucial first 24 hours of life. This period is the only chance for calves to gain essential immunity, as their immune system is not yet capable of producing these antibodies.

Recent studies from New Zealand reveal that approximately 33% of dairy calves suffer from FPT, although this rate varies significantly among farms, ranging from 5% to 80%. Calves with FPT are more susceptible to diseases such as diarrhoea, respiratory infections, and septicemia. These health problems can lead to higher mortality rates and lower growth rates, which in turn affect future milk production and overall herd productivity.

To effectively manage and prevent FPT, focus on these key aspects of colostrum management:

1. Quickly: Ensure calves receive their colostrum within 6-12 hours of birth. Rapid intake is critical, as the calf's gut can only absorb antibodies effectively during this short window.

2. Quantity: Administer 10-15% of the calf’s body weight in colostrum to ensure adequate antibody intake.
3. Quality: Use a Brix refractometer to measure colostrum quality. A Brix reading of at least 22% indicates high antibody concentration, which is vital for effective passive transfer.
4. sQueaky Clean: Maintain strict hygiene when handling colostrum. Ensure that it is stored properly, ideally refrigerated or preservative added such as potassium sorbate and use clean equipment to prevent contamination. Bacteria in colostrum can inhibit antibody absorption, so it is essential to avoid practices that could introduce contaminants.
5. Quantify: Regularly assess your colostrum management practices by testing calves for adequate immunoglobulin levels. Blood samples to measure Total Proteins can confirm whether calves have absorbed sufficient antibodies. Test 12 calves from 2-7 days of age to see how well your calves are set up for the future!